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Remaining slides represent new material.Ie=Overview of MaterialyKey Background Topics: Synchronization in Operating Systems Transaction and Deadlock Concepts Prevention, Avoidance, Detection Chapter 19 - Transaction Processing Concurrency Control Data Consistency Problems Schedules and Serializability Chapter 20 - Concurrency Control Different Locking-Based Algorithms 2 Phase Protocol Deadlock and Livelock Optimistic Concurrency Control hZ$L!ih$L!i,c  NWhat is Synchronization?`Ability of Two or More Serial Processes to Interact During Their Execution to Achieve Common Goal Recognition that  Today s Applications Require Multiple Interacting Processes Client/Server and Multi-Tiered Architectures Inter-Process Communication via TCP/IP Fundamental Concern: Address Concurrency Control Access to Shared Information Historically Supported in Database Systems Currently Available in Many Programming Languages `T)T)OThread SynchronizationYSuppose X and Y are Concurrently Executing in Same Address Space What are Possibilities?  YcZPThread SynchronizationWill Second Part Still Finish After Third Part? Will Second Part Now Finish Before Third Part? What Happens if Variables are Shared? This is the Database Concern - Concurrent Transactions Against Shared Tables!,cNcNtDatabases have TransactionsA Transaction is A Logic Unit of Database Processing Represents the Collection of Actions that Make Consistent Transformations of System States while Preserving System Consistency Interleaved (A and B) and Concurrent (C and D)&uTwo Sample TransactionsTransaction T1 Reads/Writes X/Y, Modifying X by Subtracting N and Y by Adding N Transaction T2 Reads X and Modifies X by Adding M Transactions can Execute Serially: T1 followed by T2 (or reverse) Interleaved: Operation by OperationvM O> 2QWhy Do we Need to Synchronize?Promote Sharing of Resources, Data, etc. Cooperating Processes Norm Not Exception Difficult to Program Solutions Handle Concurrent Behavior of Processes Multiple Processes Interacting via OS Resources Under Control of Process Manager/Scheduler Performance, Parallel Algorithms & Computations Multi-Processor Architectures (CSE228) Different OS to Handle Multiple Processors Client/Server and Multi-Tier Architectures Underlying Database Support Concurrent Transactions Shared Databases)H(\0RG))H(\0RG  )4+Potential Problems without Synchronization?Data Inconsistency Lost-Update Problem Impact on Correctness of Executing Software Deadlock Two Processes (Transactions) Each Hold Unique Resource (Data Item) and Want Resource (Date Item) of Other Process (Trans.) Processes Wait Forever Non-Determinacy of Computations Behavior of Computation Different for Different Executions Two Processes (Transactions) Produce Different Results When Executed More than Once on Same Datat@  @   5"Classic Synchronization TechniquesTGoal: Shared Variables and Resources Two Approaches: Critical Sections Define a Segment of Code as Critical Section Once Execution Enters Code Segment it Cannot be Interrupted by Scheduler Release Point for Critical Section for Interrupts We ll Briefly Review Semaphores Proposed in 1960s by E. Dijkstra Utilizes ADTs to Design and Implement Behavior that Guarantees Consistency and Non-Deadlock Recall your OS Course (CSE258)b5 5  ,'  m6Critical Sections7Critical Sections8Critical Sections (continued)hThere is a Race to Execute Critical Sections Sections May Be Different Code in Different Processes: Cannot Detect With Static Analysis Results of Multiple Execution Are Not Determinate Need an OS Mechanism to Resolve Races If p1 Wins, R1 and R2 Added to Balance - Okay If p2 Wins, its Changed Balance Different from One Held by p1 which Adds/Writes Wrong Valueid"\    5 :!General Problem: A Deadly EmbracetT1 has A Wants B - Won t Release A Until it Gets B T2 has B Wants A - Won t Release B Until it Gets A T3 has C Wants A - Won t Release B Until it Gets A What is the End Result? Deadlock!&  ;Deadlock in DatabasesDatabases Must Control Access to Information by Multiple Concurrent Transactions (Processes) How do we Prevent Simultaneous Updates of Database by Concurrent Transactions (Processes)? Data is the Resource in Database Systemc<Addressing DeadlockLDeadlock is Global Condition! Need to Analyze All Processes that Need All Resources Can t Make Local Decision Based on Needs of One Process Four Deadlock Approaches: Prevention: Never Allow Deadlock to Occur Avoidance: System Makes Decision to Head Off Future Deadlock State Detection & Recovery: Check for Deadlock (Periodically or Sporadically), Then Recover Manual Intervention: Operator Reboot if System Seems Too Slow&=Prevention: A First LookHDesign the System So that Deadlock is Impossible Deadlock Only Occurs If All Following TRUE!! Mutual Exclusion: Allocated Data Items are Exclusive Property of Transaction Hold and Wait: Transaction Can Hold Data Items While Waiting for Another Resource Circular Waiting: T1 has A needs B, T2 has B needs C, & Tn has Z needs A No Preemption: Only Transaction Can Release Data Items or Withdraw Data Items Request All Four Necessary for Deadlock to Exist Prevention Requires Concurrency Control Manager to Violate at Least One Condition at All Times!8^>Z^>5>Avoidance: A First Look2Construct a Formal Model of System States Via Model, Choose a Strategy that Will Not Allow the System to Go to a Deadlock State Predictive Approach: Requires Transaction to Declare Intent re. Data Items in Advance Transaction X Needs A, B, and D Represents  Maximum Claim on Data Items Transaction X Won t Proceed Until all Data Items Available May Require  Long Waits Amenable to Formal Solution/Algorithm6&&?$Detection and Recovery: A First LookWhen Deadlock Occurs, Can we Detect and Recover? Two Phases to Algorithm Detection: Is there Deadlock? Recovery: Preempt Data Items from Transactions Detection Algorithm When is it Executed? What is its Overhead? Too Often - Wastes Data Items Too Infrequent - Blocked Transactions Don t Do Enough Work Dominant Commercial Solution`IMIM@Deadlock in Databases~Concurrent Access to Database Information Optimistic Concurrency Control Assume Problems Infrequent (ATM Example) Maintain Transaction Log Detect and Correct Errors in System via Log  Long-After Their Occurrence Similar to What in OS? Deadlock Concepts? Pessimistic Concurrency Control Assume Problems will Occur (Airline Example) Require Transactions to Lock Portions of Data for Read and Write Requests Similar to What in OS? Deadlock Concepts?LI I H Prevention}Necessary Conditions for Deadlock Mutual Exclusion Hold and Wait Circular Waiting No Preemption Ensure that at Least One of the Necessary Conditions is False at All Times Why Must Mutual Exclusion Hold at All Times? Some Data Items (System Catalog) Must be Exclusively Held by a Transaction How Can a Prevention Strategy be Designed to Guarantee Failure of One of Other Conditions?t">K-K[">K-K [I Hold and WaitInvalidate: Hold and Wait: Transaction Can Hold One Data Item While Waiting for Another Data Item Approach 1: Targeted to Batch Systems Transaction Must Request All Data Items it Needs Transaction Competes for All Data Items Even if Needs Only One Data Item at Time Holds Data Items  Done With Approach 2: Targeted to Timesharing For Transaction to Acquire a Data Item Must Release All Held Data Items Reacquire All (Released &New) Data Items Needed Overhead to Reacquire Held Data Items Could Encourage Starvationt$(SB$(SBM AvoidanceRequires a Multi-Phase Approach Construct a Model of System States Choose a Strategy that Guarantees that the System Will Not Go to a Deadlock State Service Transactions in Some Order, Not Necessarily Order Received Requires Extra Information for Each Transaction Maximum Claim - Every Data Item Each Transaction Will Ever Request Concurrency Controller Sees the Worst Case and can Allow Transitions Based on that Knowledge Goal: To Maintain  Safe State` 0C| 0C|rSynopsis of TechniquesResource Allocation Policy: Detection - Very Liberal - requested Resources (Data Items) are Granted Where Possible Prevention - Conservative - Undercommits Resources (Data Items) Avoidance - Moderate - Between Detection/Prev. Different Invocation Schemes Detection - Periodically to Test for Deadlock Prevention - Request All Resources at Once, Preempt, and Order Resources Avoidance - Manipulate Transactions to Find at Least One Safe Execution PathL, @s%Advantages DisadvantagesDetection Never Delays Transaction Initiation Facilitates On-Line Processing Prevention Works Well for  Short Transactions Enforceable Via Compile Time Checks Run-Time Computation Reduced Avoidance No Preemption Neededt C f  C f  Detection Inherent Preemption Losses Prevention Inefficient Preempts Too Often Disallows Incremental Transaction Requests Avoidance Future Transaction Requirements Must be Known in Advance Transactions can be Blocked for Long Periodst  K f  K f RTransaction Processing C